Predictors of burnout in female nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of burnout in female nurses during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also sought to evaluate the relationship between each of the variables studied (anxiety, depression, sociodemographic and COVID-19 variables) and the dimensions of the burnout. BACKGROUND: One of the groups of health care workers worst affected by the COVID-19 crisis has been women working as nursing staff, due to the high percentage they account for at a global level and their direct contact with infected patients. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study. METHODS: Four hundred forty-four Spanish female nurses from hospital and primary health care centres took part in the study. The data were obtained in 2020 by means of an online survey. RESULTS: Symptoms of depression are a common predictor variable to all the dimensions of burnout, whereas symptoms of anxiety predict emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Age and years of experience in the job predict depersonalization, whereas the probability of contracting the infection is a predictor variable of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. CONCLUSION: Predictor variables should be considered in the creation of prevention and intervention plans to reduce the levels of burnout in female nurses.

Mental Health, Burnout, and Resilience in Healthcare Professionals After the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: A Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine whether there are differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, levels of burnout and resilience in Spanish healthcare staff between the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and after it, depending on several demographic and work-related variables. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted in April 2020 (T0), and July 2020 (T1). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, burnout, levels of resilience, along with demographic and work-related variables in 443 workers were assessed. RESULTS: Symptoms and burnout were more pronounced at T0, whereas the levels of resilience were higher at T1. Being women, being young, holding a lower-level job, less years of experience, lower educational level, and/or working rotating shifts are associated with having more posttraumatic stress symptoms and burnout. CONCLUSION: These variables would be considered in similar situations.

Perception of Health, Resilience, and Engagement in Spanish Police Officers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the police force was one of the institutions that was most exposed to possible infections, in addition to suffering stressful situations that affect health. This study aims to independently assess the relationship between demographic, work, and COVID-19 variables, and resilience, engagement, and the perception of health, as well as to evaluate which variables are more important when predicting health perceptions. METHOD: 640 Spanish police officers were evaluated through a cross-sectional design and online survey. RESULTS: The perception of the lack of personal protective equipment, believing that it is easy to become infected with COVID-19, or working as a police officer were associated with low levels of engagement and resilience and a worse perception of health. More years of experience in the police force was associated with worse health and lower levels of engagement and resilience. Engagement and resilience would be protective variables of health. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to promote practices related to engagement and resilience in the police force. The discussion emphasizes that more experienced police officers demonstrate less engagement and resilience.

Occupational Stress in Spanish Police Officers: Validating the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire.

The Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (hereinafter, ERIQ) has been largely used worldwide to assess job stress, but it has not yet been applied in Spanish police. The objective of this study was to examine the construct validity and the internal consistency of the ERIQ in police officers. A cross-sectional study was carried out, using a nonprobability sampling (quota). A total of 217 Spanish police officers participated, 192 men (88.47%) and 25 women (11.53%). The mean age was 41 years (SD = 7.51). These police officers completed the ERIQ together with some other questionnaires (DECORE-21, MBI, GHQ and STAI) in order to provide evidence for validity based on the relationships to other constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and a matrix of correlations with the rest of constructs was created. The results showed an appropriate fit to the original model consisting of three scales. In addition, the scales of the ERIQ presented the expected relationship with the other constructs. The ERIQ is a valid instrument for assessing occupational stress in Spanish police officers and can improve the interventions in this professional group.

Perception of Health, Resilience, and Engagement in Spanish Police Officers During the COVID-19 Pandemic / Salud Percibida, Resiliencia y Compromiso en Policías Españoles Durante la Pandemia por COVID-19

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the police force was one of the institutions that was most exposed to possible infections, in addition to suffering stressful situations that affect health. This study aims to independently assess the relationship between demographic, work, and COVID-19 variables, and resilience, engagement, and the perception of health, as well as to evaluate which variables are more important when predicting health perceptions. Method: 640 Spanish police officers were evaluated through a cross-sectional design and online survey. Results: The perception of the lack of personal protective equipment, believing that it is easy to become infected with COVID-19, or working as a police officer were associated with low levels of engagement and resilience and a worse perception of health. More years of experience in the police force was associated with worse health and lower levels of engagement and resilience. Engagement and resilience would be protective variables of health. Conclusions: It is necessary to promote practices related to engagement and resilience in the police force. The discussion emphasizes that more experienced police officers demonstrate less engagement and resilience. (AU)

Antecedentes: durante la pandemia por COVID-19, el colectivo policial ha sido uno de los más expuestos a posibles contagios, además de sufrir situaciones estresantes que afectan a la salud. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar independientemente la relación entre las variables demográficas, del trabajo y COVID-19, y la resiliencia, el engagement y la percepción sobre la salud, así como evaluar qué variables tienen más peso a la hora de predecir la percepción sobre la salud. Método: se evaluó a 640 policías españoles mediante un diseño transversal y encuesta online. Resultados: la falta de equipos de protección individual, creer que es fácil infectarse por COVID-19 o trabajar como agente se asocian a niveles bajos de engagement y resiliencia y peor percepción de la salud. El aumento en los años de experiencia en el cuerpo policial se asocia a peor salud y a bajos niveles de engagement y resiliencia. El engagement y la resiliencia serían variables protectoras de la salud. Conclusiones: es necesario fomentar prácticas relacionadas con el engagement y la resiliencia en el colectivo policial. Se destaca que los policías con más experiencia muestran menos engagement y resiliencia. (AU)

Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Levels of Resilience and Burnout in Spanish Health Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The number of health workers infected with COVID-19 in Spain is one of the highest in the world. The aim of this study is to analyse posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Associations between burnout, resilience, demographic, work and COVID-19 variables are analysed. Cross-sectional data on 1422 health workers were analysed. A total of 56.6% of health workers present symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, 58.6% anxiety disorder, 46% depressive disorder and 41.1% feel emotionally drained. The profile of a health worker with greater posttraumatic stress symptoms would be a person who works in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, in a hospital, is a woman, is concerned that a person he/she lives with may be infected, and thinks that he/she is very likely to be infected. The risk variables for anxiety and depression would be a person that is a woman, working 12- or 24-h shifts, and being worried that a family member could be infected. High scores on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization are risk factors for mental health, with resilience and personal fulfilment being protective variables. Data are provided to improve preventive measures for occupational health workers.

The role of engagement and temporal perspective in the academic performance of postgraduate students.

Conventionally, engagement has been portrayed as an opposing construct to burnout and academic stress, and has been positively related to performance in the educational environment; nevertheless, few studies include at the same time both of these in addition to the time perspective of individuals. The purpose of this investigation is to analyse the construct of engagement and time perspective factors associated with academic performance. To this effect, a cross-sectional study was performed in which 298 postgraduate university students participated and multiple regression analyses were performed. From the selected independent variables, three were identified as statistically significant in the final model. Results show that gender, time perspective oriented towards the future and engagement are associated to the average score of the student's academic record. Consequently, it becomes necessary to consider the future time dimension as well as engagement to promote improvement of the university system and access to teaching professions.

Psychosocial Risk Factors, Burnout and Hardy Personality as Variables Associated With Mental Health in Police Officers.

Among the variables associated with occupational stress, two of the most studied are the adverse perceptions of psychosocial risk factors in the workplace and burnout. With the rise of positive psychology, other variables of the individual type, such as hardy personality have also been the subject of study. No studies have been found that jointly examine these variables related to mental health in police officers. The aim of this research was to analyze which variables were associated with mental health in police officers. A total of 223 policemen (202 men and 21 women) participated in a cross-sectional study. Of all the variables, emotional exhaustion and perception of problems as challenges were the only factors introduced in the regression model. These factors must be considered to improve both human resource interventions and occupational health practices in this professional group.

DECORE-21: Assessment of occupational stress in police. Confirmatory factor analysis of the original model.

There is scarce research on stress in Spanish police officers and on the use of instruments to assess this construct in this professional group. In Spain, the DECORE questionnaire has been one of the most used. Nevertheless, it had not been previously applied to police officers. The aim of this study was to analyze both the construct validity and the reliability of the original model of 44 items. A cross-sectional design and a non-probabilistic quota sampling were used. A total of 223 Spanish police officers participated. 202 police personnel were men (90.6%) and 21 were women (9.4%). The average age was 41 years old (SD = 7.52). These police officers answered the DECORE questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was carried out. The results showed an unsatisfactory adjustment using the original model of 44 items. A final solution of 21 items and four factors was formulated with both suitable validity and reliability indexes. In this model, 23 items that did not weigh highly in any of the four factors were removed. The DECORE-21 questionnaire is recommended to assess work-related stress in police officers.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial como predictores del bienestar laboral: un análisis SEM / Psychosocial risk factors as predictors of occupational well-being: A SEM analysis

ANTECEDENTES: Las aproximaciones teóricas sobre el bienestar laboral lo identifican con variables como la satisfacción, la motivación y el estrés. A su vez, en estas variables influyen los factores de riesgo psicosocial del entorno laboral, los cuales se relacionan con la salud de los trabajadores. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue validar un modelo de bienestar laboral a partir de la evaluación de la percepción de los factores de riesgo psicosocial. Se aplicó el cuestionario DECORE a 865 trabajadores de distintas empresas del sector terciario en la Comunidad de Madrid. Posteriormente, se efectuaron diversos análisis factoriales confirmatorios (procedimiento máxima verosimilitud) sobre las distintas variables realizadas. RESULTADOS: Tanto al evaluar los factores de riesgo psicosocial como el bienestar laboral, los índices de ajuste resultan apropiados. Todas las variables latentes se reúnen en un mismo modelo para analizar las relaciones subyacentes entre ellas. Los índices de ajuste son, asimismo, adecuados. CONCLUSIONES: La percepción que tiene el trabajador de los factores de riesgo psicosocial resultó ser un predictor de su bienestar laboral, entendido como altos niveles de satisfacción y motivación, y bajos niveles de estrés percibido

ANTECEDENTS: Theoretical approaches on occupational well-being have identified several intervening variables such as satisfaction, motivation and occupational stress. Psychosocial risk factors at work have an influence on these variables as well as on workers' health. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to validate a model of occupational well-being by assessing perceived psychosocial risk factors in a sample of 865 workers from different service sector businesses by means of the DECORE questionnaire. Subsequently, several confirmatory factor analyses (maximum likelihood estimators) on the different analyzed variables were performed. RESULTS: On having evaluated psychosocial risk factors and occupational well-being, the indexes of adjustment turned out to be appropriate. All the latent variables were included in the same model in order to gather information on the underlying relationships between them. The fit indices were also suitable. CONCLUSIONS: Workers' perception of psychosocial risk factors was a predictor of occupational well-being, defined as high levels of satisfaction and motivation together with low levels of perceived stress

Asociación entre la percepción de condiciones laborales adversas y depresión: una revisión sistemática / Association between the perception of adverse working conditions and depressive symptomatology: A systematic review

ANTECEDENTES: La bibliografía científica ha señalado que existe relación entre la percepción adversa de los riesgos psicosociales y depresión, a pesar de ser escasos los estudios longitudinales sobre esta temática. OBJETIVO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de investigaciones longitudinales en las que la percepción adversa de los factores de riesgo psicosocial se asociaba con depresión en el ámbito laboral. MÉTODO: Se revisaron artículos publicados entre 2011 y 2015 utilizando las bases de datos Psycinfo, Web of Knowledge y PubMed. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron cuatro artículos científicos de un total de 588 estudios. Percibir: altas demandas laborales, escaso control, desequilibrio entre los esfuerzos y las recompensas obtenidas, el conflicto trabajo-familia, la falta de supervisión, la inseguridad laboral, realizar horas extra, trabajar fines de semana, ocupar puestos de menor categoría y presentar menor antigüedad laboral se asociaban con depresión. CONCLUSIONES: Se considera necesario tener en cuenta estos factores para mejorar la salud laboral

BACKGROUND: The scientific literature shows that there is a relation between the perception of adverse psychosocial risk factors and depression, despite the few longitudinal studies on this topic.OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to carry out a systematic review of longitudinal studies in which the perception of adverse psychosocial working conditions was associated with depression in the organizational context. METHOD: Articles published between 2011 and 2015 were reviewed using PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge and PubMed databases. RESULTS: Out of 588 studies, only four scientific articles were obtained. Results indicate that high perception of job demands, scarce control over demands, effort-reward imbalance, perceived work-family conflict, lack of supervision, job insecurity, working overtime, working on weekends when holding positions of low occupational grade and lower professional tenure are associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These factors need to be taken into account in order to improve occupational health

Stress in Spanish police force depending on occupational rank, sex, age and work-shift / Estrés en policías españoles según rango ocupacional, sexo, edad y turno de trabajo

BACKGROUND: In the police force, some variables such as occupational rank, sex, age and work-shift are associated with stress in workers. The aim of this paper was to determine possible differences in the perception of occupational stress at work depending on rank, sex, age and work-shift of police agents in the Community of Madrid, Spain. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 municipalities of the Community of Madrid. A total number of 565 police agents participated. The ranks of the police agents were: constable, corporal, sergeant and police chief. Occupational stress (psychosocial risk factors at work) was assessed with the DECORE Questionnaire. RESULTS: All police agents perceived psychosocial risk factors adversely; especially agents of lesser rank perceived less control, fewer rewards and scarce support. There were significant differences in the perception of insufficient rewards between constables and other categories; and between constables and corporals in the perception of insufficient organisational support. No significant differences were found in the perception of psychosocial risk factors in relation to the rest of variables. CONCLUSIONS: The police rank should be taken into account for the development of preventive measures to reduce stress

ANTECEDENTES: en la policía, algunas variables como el rango ocupacional, el sexo, la edad y el tipo de turno se relacionan con estrés en trabajadores. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si existían diferencias en la percepción de estrés laboral en policías de la Comunidad de Madrid (España), según el rango ocupacional, el sexo, la edad y el tipo de turno. MÉTODO: se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en 24 municipios de la Comunidad de Madrid. Participaron 565 policías. Los rangos evaluados fueron: agente, cabo, sargento y jefe de policía. El estrés laboral (riesgos psicosociales del trabajo) fue evaluado con el cuestionario DECORE. RESULTADOS: todos los policías evaluados percibieron los factores de riesgo psicosocial de forma adversa. Específicamente, los que ocupaban rangos inferiores percibieron menos control, escasas recompensas y escaso apoyo. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción de escasas recompensas entre agentes y el resto de rangos; y entre agentes y cabos en la percepción de escaso apoyo organizacional. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción de los factores de riesgo psicosocial en el resto de variables. CONCLUSIONES: el rango policial debería tenerse en cuenta en el desarrollo de medidas preventivas para reducir el estrés

Stress in Spanish police force depending on occupational rank, sex, age and work-shift.

BACKGROUND: In the police force, some variables such as occupational rank, sex, age and work-shift are associated with stress in workers. The aim of this paper was to determine possible differences in the perception of occupational stress at work depending on rank, sex, age and work-shift of police agents in the Community of Madrid, Spain. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 municipalities of the Community of Madrid. A total number of 565 police agents participated. The ranks of the police agents were: constable, corporal, sergeant and police chief. Occupational stress (psychosocial risk factors at work) was assessed with the DECORE Questionnaire. RESULTS: All police agents perceived psychosocial risk factors adversely; especially agents of lesser rank perceived less control, fewer rewards and scarce support. There were significant differences in the perception of insufficient rewards between constables and other categories; and between constables and corporals in the perception of insufficient organisational support. No significant differences were found in the perception of psychosocial risk factors in relation to the rest of variables. CONCLUSIONS: The police rank should be taken into account for the development of preventive measures to reduce stress.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial en médicos de la provincia de Valladolid: diferencias entre atención primaria y hospitalaria / Psychosocial risk factors in physicians of the province of Valladolid: differences between primary and secondary care

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Factores de riesgo psicosocial en atención primaria: un estudio comparativo entre puestos / Psychosocial risk's factors in primary health care: a comparative study between job position

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